34469 Y103 John Watson, a leading childcare autho-
rity in the '20s, sternly advised parents, 'NEVER HUG AND KISS [YOUR CHILDREN], NEVER LET THEM SIT IN YOUR LAP. BUT ÌF YOU MÙST, KISS THEM ONCE ON THE FOREHEAD WHEN THEY SAY GOOD NIGHT. SHAKE HANDS WITH THEM IN THE MORNING!' The popular magazine Infant Care explained that the secret of raising children is to maintain discipline and to provide the children's material needs according to a strict daily schedule?! A 1929 article instructed parents that if an infant cries out for food before the normal feeding time, 'Do not hold him, nor rock him to stop his crying, and do not nurse him until the exact hour for the feeding comes! It will not hurt the baby, even the tiny baby, to cry!' ONLY IN THE 1950s & '60s did a growing consensus of experts abandone these strict behaviorist theories and acknowledge the central importance of emotional needs. In a series of famous (and shockingly cruel) ex-
periments, the psychologist Harry Harlow separated infant monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth, and isolated them in small cages! When given a choice between a metal dummy-mother fitted with a milk bottle, & a soft cloth covered dummy with no milk, the baby monkeys clung to the barren cloth mother for all they were worth. Those baby monkeys knew something that John Watson & the experts of Infant Care failed to realize: mammals can't live on for alone. They need emotional bonds too. Millions of years of evo-lution preprogrammed the monkeys with an overwhelming desire for emotional bonding. Evolution also imprinted them with the as-sumption that emotional bonds are more likely to be formed with soft furry things than with hard and metallic objects. This is also why small human children are far more likely to become attached to dolls, blankets & smelly rags than to cutlery, stones or wooden blocks.) The need for emotional bonds is so strong that Harlows's baby monkeys abandoned the nourishing metal dummy and turned their at-tention to the only object that seemed capable of answering that need! Alas, the cloth-mother never responded to their affection and the little monkeys consequently suffered from severe psychological & social problems, and grew up to be neurotic & asocial adults...
periments, the psychologist Harry Harlow separated infant monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth, and isolated them in small cages! When given a choice between a metal dummy-mother fitted with a milk bottle, & a soft cloth covered dummy with no milk, the baby monkeys clung to the barren cloth mother for all they were worth. Those baby monkeys knew something that John Watson & the experts of Infant Care failed to realize: mammals can't live on for alone. They need emotional bonds too. Millions of years of evo-lution preprogrammed the monkeys with an overwhelming desire for emotional bonding. Evolution also imprinted them with the as-sumption that emotional bonds are more likely to be formed with soft furry things than with hard and metallic objects. This is also why small human children are far more likely to become attached to dolls, blankets & smelly rags than to cutlery, stones or wooden blocks.) The need for emotional bonds is so strong that Harlows's baby monkeys abandoned the nourishing metal dummy and turned their at-tention to the only object that seemed capable of answering that need! Alas, the cloth-mother never responded to their affection and the little monkeys consequently suffered from severe psychological & social problems, and grew up to be neurotic & asocial adults...
18 apr 2019 - bewerkt op 23 apr 2019
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